![]() ![]() ![]() Together, these data confirm VTA DAergic neuron projections to the IPN and implicate this circuit in encoding motivated exploration. We observed an increase in IPN DA signal during social investigation of a novel but not familiar conspecific and during exploration of the anxiogenic open arms of the elevated plus maze. dLight signals consistently increased before Center-In on long-latency trials (10/10 sessions), and also before Food-Port-In (9/10 sessions), without corresponding increases in dopamine firing (Fig.4f). To test whether functional DAergic neurotransmission exists in the IPN, we expressed the genetically encoded DA sensor, dLight 1.2, in the IPN of C57BL/6J mice and measured IPN DA signals in vivo during social and anxiety-like behavior using fiber photometry. By contrast, increases in NAc dopamine release before Center-In were distinct from cue-evoked dopamine release (Fig.4d, ,e). Consistent with previous reports, synaptic tracing revealed that axon terminals from the VTA innervate the caudal IPN whereas, retrograde tracing revealed DAergic VTA neurons, predominantly in the paranigral region, project to the nucleus accumbens shell, as well as the IPN. To verify the existence of this circuit, we combined presynaptic targeted and retrograde viral tracing in the dopamine transporter-Cre mouse line. In particular, the novel dopamine sensor, dLight (Patriarchi et al., 2018), has shown promise and will be used in combination with either a matrixor. Previous work identifying a mesointerpeduncular circuit consisting of VTA DAergic neurons projecting to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), a midbrain area implicated in aversion, anxiety-like behavior, and familiarity, has recently come into question. Destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons or dorsal striatum disrupts the sleep-wake cycle. This marriage of techniques promises significant insight into the relationship. Dopamine is involved in numerous neurological processes, and its deficiency has been implicated in Parkinsons disease, whose patients suffer from severe sleep disorders. ![]() Interactions between serotonin and dopamine have been investigated for decades, but the role of the serotonergic transmission in modulating the activity of dopaminergic neurons is still unclear (De Deurwaerdère and Di Giovanni, 2017 Ogawa and Watabe-Uchida, 2018). They show that dLight1 can successfully measure dopamine released via optogenetic circuit control in awake behaving mice using a red-shifted excitatory opsin, ChrimsonR (Figure 1D). Interactions With the Dopaminergic System. these results indicate that the dLight sensors are suitable for use on the cell membrane. However, recent data indicate that VTA DAergic neurons are functionally heterogeneous with emerging roles in aversive signaling, salience, and novelty, based in part on anatomic location and projection, highlighting a need to functionally characterize the repertoire of VTA DAergic efferents in motivated behavior. further demonstrate the compatibility of dLight with optogenetics. Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons modulate arousal and promote. Abstract Midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are engaged by rewarding stimuli and encode reward prediction error to update goal-directed learning. ![]()
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